Components of a Complete Solar Power System
In this article, I am going to talk about what each piece of a solar power system does, and what role the component plays in the system. Each part does a specific role, though you don’t have to include every piece in every solar project. A standard solar power system generates electricity, stores it in batteries for later use and then changes the DC electricity from the battery to the same kind of AC electricity that comes from the wall sockets in your house.
Solar Panels
Energy from the sun is converted into electricity by solar panels. The panel has a layer of silicon. When photons from sunlight hit the silicon, they knock loose electrons. The electrons are sent through wires and turn into electricity. Many solar cells, each of which generates about half a volt are put together to make a single solar panel. Any voltage can be generated by putting together the correct number of solar cells. You can actually build your own solar panel and produce your own free electricity fairly cheaply and easily. For a great guide to building your own solar panel, see Building a DIY Solar Panel
Charge Controller
The solar panels generate power and then send the power to a charge controller, which charges the batteries. The voltage going to the battery needs to be in a certain range - not too high and not too low - and the charge controller makes sure the voltage stays in this range. As the batteries get close to fully charged, it gradually reduces the power sent to the batteries to make sure the batteries don’t overcharge. The charge controller will also “top off” the batteries every once in a while after they are fully charged to make sure they stay fully charged. If you’re interested in more detailed information about charge controllers, visit All About Solar Charge Controllers
Batteries
The majority of solar power systems use 12 volt batteries like you find in your car. The most common type are sealed lead acid. These batteries are rugged, cheap and easy to find. Weight is the only potential downside, but since you aren’t going to be moving the batteries around, it isn’t really much of a problem. You often can get batteries from surplus computer UPS systems for cheap or even free.
Power Inverter
A power inverter converts the 12v Direct Current (DC) power from the batteries into 120v Alternating Current (AC) electricity like what comes out of your wall sockets. There are two types of power inverter: Modified Sine Wave (MSW) and True Sine Wave (TSW). MSW is not as good as TSW because TSW exactly matches the electricity that comes out of the the wall sockets in your home. It is preferable to use TSW over MSW becuase TSW more closely matches the electricy that comes from the grid. MSW is cheaper than TSW, but it is generally worth it in the long run to pay more for a TSW inverter.
Complete Solar Power System
Now we will put all the pieces together into a complete system. The roof is where the solar panels are generally mounted. The solar panels are connected together with wires which then send the electricity to the charge controller. The power coming from the solar panels is then conditioned by the charge controller and used to charge the batteries. The batteries are charged all day while sunlight is striking the solar panels. All day, while sunlight is striking the solar panels, the batteries store the power generated by the panels. The power inverter takes the DC electricity from the betteries and converts it to the standard 120v AC electricity that all your applicances are used to getting from the wall sockets in your house. This type of solar system can be small enough to power just a single device or big enough to power your whole house.
To see how much it would cost for enough solar panels to provide electricity to your whole house, check out this guide to Cost of Home Solar Panels
Tags: home solar power, solar energy, solar power









